Indus Valley Civilization From The Inception To An End

Indus Valley

A civilisation 

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The Beginning

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization or Indus Civilization, was a Bronze age civilisation in the northwestern regions of south asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. The Civilization made on the Bank of river Indus (Sindhu).

It is the Oldest civilization of India. It was the modern civilization of that time. It was constructed by The Dravidians were considered to be the most ancient people of India. The tribes which came from North survived with their language and culture features, later on they were only called as Dravidians. Dravidians now a days are called South Indian peoples.

Town Planning

The towns were divided into three sections : 1) Fort of rulers (citadel). 2) Houses of administrative officers situated on the upper part of town. 3) Residences of common people situated on the lower part of town. People of Indus valley civilization has developed many more beautiful and systematic towns than many other civilization of the world from the architecture point of view. Among all of them Harappa and Mohen-Jo-Daro had the best town planning.

The Civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohen-jo-Daro, near the Indus river in the Sindh region. Both sites are in present day Pakistan, in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. The ruins of Mohen-jo-daro were designated a UNESCO world heritage site in 1980.

The Indus civilization is known to have consisted of two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and more than 100 towns and villages, often of relatively small size. The two cities were each perhaps originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) square in overall dimensions, and their outstanding magnitude suggests political centralization, either in two large states or in a single great empire with alternative capitals, a practice having analogies in Indian history. It is also possible that Harappa succeeded Mohen-jo-daro, which is known to have been devastated more than once by exceptional floods. The population was estimated to be 23,500–35,000 in Harappa and 35,000–41,250 in Mohen-jo-daro. The southern region of the civilization, on the Kathiawar Peninsula and beyond, appears to be of later origin than the major Indus sites.

The Ending

The end of Mohenjo-daro is known, however, and was dramatic and sudden. Mohenjo-daro was attacked toward the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE by raiders who swept over the city and then passed on, leaving the dead lying where they fell.

 Many scholars believe that the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by climate change. Some experts believe the drying of the Saraswati River, which began around 1900 BCE, was the main cause for climate change, while others conclude that a great flood struck the area.

The Indus Valley Civilization may have met its demise due to invasion. According to one theory by British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, a nomadic, Indo-European tribe, called the Aryans, suddenly overwhelmed and conquered the Indus River Valley.

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the Indus Valley Civilization, flourishing from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in South Asia, was remarkable for its advanced city planning, architecture, and trade systems. Major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro exhibited sophisticated urban features such as drainage systems and grid layouts. Despite its impressive achievements, much about the civilization remains a mystery, particularly its undeciphered script. The decline of the IVC is attributed to climatic changes and shifting river patterns. The legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization continues to shape our understanding of early urban development and ancient societies.

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